Svetlana Nekoval, head of the laboratory
genetic collection of tomato FGBNU VNIIBZR,
Senior Researcher, Candidate of Biological Sciences
+7 903 455 11 03
No one doubts the need to protect the potato during its cultivation. But in connection with the growing demand from the market for environmentally friendly, safe agricultural products, the question arises before farmers - how to protect potatoes: by chemical or biological means? In recent years, the agricultural industry has more often given preference to microbiological preparations as an alternative to chemical remedies.
Employees of the laboratory of the genetic collection of tomato of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIBZR in one of the agricultural enterprises of the Kalinin district of the Krasnodar Territory conducted scientific tests of the effectiveness of protecting potatoes in open ground with microbiological preparations of production LLC "Biotehagro" (Timashevsk).
Arrow potatoes were planted with a 2-line tape on three plots - control, standard, experimental. The length of each plot was 100 meters.
No protective equipment was used on the control plot. On the “etalon” plot, the protection system adopted on the farm was applied (preparations Celest TOP, KS; Ridomil Gold MC, VDG; Thanos, VDG). On the "experience" plot, biological products were used: Geostim, F; BSka-3, F; BFTIM KS-2, Zh; Insetim, J.
All experimental plots met general requirements (soil homogeneity in terms of fertility). In all variants of the experiment, potato tubers were planted on March 6, 2020.
In advance, pre-planting spraying of the soil of the "experimental" site was carried out with the Geostim preparation with a consumption rate of 1 l / ha.
During the tests, the following were carried out: mycological analysis of the soil, diagnostics of seed material, phytosanitary monitoring of potato plants, assessment of plant samples to determine the etiology of the disease.
To determine the mycological composition of the soil from the experimental site in the spring, before the introduction of the "Biotechagro" preparations and after the application of the protection system, soil samples were taken according to the methodology. As a result of mycological analysis of soil samples, micromycetes with different trophic specialization were isolated and identified (Table 1).
Table 1 - Results of mycological analysis of soil samples in 2020
Field | CFU of mushrooms, thousand pieces in one gram of completely dry soil | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Penicillium spp. | Aspergillus spp. | Trichoderma spp. | Fusarium spp. | Alternaria spp. | |
Before the introduction of drugs LLC "Biotehagro" 27.02.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX | 0.4 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
After the introduction of the preparations Biotehagro LLC 08.06.2020/XNUMX/XNUMX | 0.1 | 0.45 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0 |
In the course of soil analysis, two groups of micromycetes were isolated and identified. The pathogenic group is represented by fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. AND Alternaria spp. The saprotrophic group of microscopic fungi is represented by isolates of fungi of the genus Trichoderma, Penicillium и Aspergillus.
In the variant after the use of biological products of the Biotehagro company, a decrease in CFU of fungi was noted Penicillium, Aspergillus, as well as the complete absence of r. Alternaria... In addition, in this sample, an increase in the number of mushrooms of the r. Trichoderma and a small amount of mushrooms p. Fusarium.
According to the results of mycological analysis of the soil, it is possible to note the positive dynamics of the growth of fungi of the river. trichoderma, however, this is not enough to speak of a high suppressiveness of the soil, since the optimal ratio of mushrooms from the river. Penicillium, Aspergillus и Trichoderma (1: 1: 3). Further application of Geostim to the soil is recommended.
In the variant with the protection system of the Biotehagro company, the potato tubers were treated with BSka-3 preparation with a consumption rate of 4 l / t before planting. The planting was carried out by a caterpillar tractor KhTZ-181 (Fig. 2,3).
In the variant with the farm protection system, the potato tubers were treated with Celest TOP, KS before planting. The planting of potatoes was also carried out with a caterpillar tractor.
Two months after planting the tubers - 11.05.2020/15/20, when the plants reached a height of 3-10 cm, in the variant with the use of the Biotechagro protection system, young plants for prophylaxis were sprayed with the BFTIM preparation (XNUMX l / ha) - against a complex of diseases. Repeated treatment with a biological product was carried out after XNUMX days.
In the variant with the farm's protection system, two months after planting the tubers, protective measures were carried out with the drug Ridomil Gold MC, EDG as a prophylaxis.
In the course of phytosanitary monitoring of potatoes, pests and phytopathogenic infections were not observed (Fig. 4).
10 days after the first treatment (21.05), the results of accounting showed that the biological product stimulated the active growth of potato biomass, compared with the control, the plant height turned out to be 3,4 cm higher.In the variant with the protection of the economy (reference), the plant height indices had a slight difference ( 0,6 cm more) with respect to the system of protection with biological products.
Number of plants per 1 m2 in all variants of the experiment was the same, however, the number of stems in the variant with biosecurity turned out to be 3 more. compared with control, and 1 pc. more than the reference version.
After harvesting (June 15.06), the laboratory staff determined the effect of the tested biological products on the structure of the crop, the yield of potatoes per hectare, as well as indicators of the quality of the crop.
According to their conclusion, the largest number of potato tubers of medium and large (food) fraction was obtained in the variant with the “Biotechagro” protection system. Tubers of the fine fraction in the variant with biosecurity were 1 less compared to the control and 2 more relative to the reference, however, the total mass of potatoes of the fine fraction in the Biotechagro variant was higher. The tuber weight in the biosecurity variant varied from 20 to 150 grams.
Fig. 5. The number of potato tubers in the control (a) and in the variant with the "Biotehagro" protection system (b) Fig. 6. Tuber mass of fine fraction from the variant with a biological protection system
The use of biological products contributed to an increase in the yield of potatoes per hectare (Table 1).
Table 2. Economic efficiency of Arrow potatoes when accounting for the crop, 2020
options | Productivity, centner / ha | Yield increase, c / ha |
Control | 78 | — |
Опыт | 235,3 | 157,3 |
Reference | 206 | 128 |
NDS 0,5 | 6,4 | — |
The maximum yield was noted in the variant with the use of biological preparations, where the increase was 157,3 c / ha in relation to the control. In the reference version, the yield increase was 128,0 c / ha, which is less than the result obtained on the site where the biological protection system was applied, by 29,3 c / ha.
To assess the commercial quality and clarify the taste characteristics of potatoes, samples of 10 commercial tubers typical for this variety were taken.
As a result, the experts classified all the prototypes as good and high quality products with excellent taste.
During the research, the content of starch, vitamin C, and nitrate nitrogen in the tubers of the grown potatoes was determined (Table 3).
Table 3. Content of starch, vitamin C, nitrate nitrogen in Arrow potato tubers
options | Nitrate nitrogen, mg / kg | Vitamin C content, mg / 100 g raw material | Starch content,% |
Control | 118 | 4,4 | 20,8 |
Опыт | 138 | 9,3 | 21,3 |
Reference | 187 | 7,9 | 21,2 |
NDS 0,5 | 9,5 | 6,4 | 11,0 |
The costs of potato protection products at prices prevailing on the market during the test period are summarized in Table. 4.
Table 4. Costs of potato protection products
Preparations LLC Biotehagro "experience" | The required amount of the drug, l / ha | Preparations in the "etalon" farm protection system | The required amount of the drug, l / ha | ||
Geostim | 1 | Celeste TOP, KS | 0,4 | ||
Inset | 4 | Ridomil Gold MC, VDG | 5 | ||
BFTIM | 6 | Thanos, EDC | 1,2 | ||
BSka-3 | 4 | — | — | ||
From the presented table, we can conclude that the biological system of protection of Arrow potatoes is more profitable relative to the chemical (standard), since the costs of protective measures are less by 14247,8 rubles / ha, and the yield is higher by 29,3 c / ha.
Taking into account the fact that the price for young potatoes in June, on average, is 17 rubles / kg, the increase in the yield on the experimental plot compared to the standard will increase the proceeds per hectare by 49810 rubles.
The tests carried out have shown that biologized protection of potatoes is more cost-effective than chemical protection: by 64058 rubles per hectare, and this is without taking into account the decrease in anthropogenic load on the soil, the environment, including people.
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