From the magazine: No. 1 2016
Category: Region
HELL. Andrianov, D.A. Andrianov,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Bashkir State Agrarian University
Territory of the Republic of Belarus: 143 thousand km2
Population: 4 people, of which 071% are city residents.
Geographical position: The republic is located on the western slopes of the Southern Urals and in the Cis-Urals.
Climate: Continental, with humid, warm summers and harsh winters. The weather changes frequently due to the region's position between cyclones coming from temperate latitudes, the Atlantic, the Arctic and Siberia.
Average January temperature: -18°, average July temperature: +18°. But these figures may vary for different zones: the ridges of the Urals, stretched from north to south, create a sharp difference in climatic conditions on the western and eastern slopes. Average annual temperatures decrease in the direction from west to east. A steady transition to above-zero temperatures occurs in the first ten days of April, and to below-zero temperatures in the third ten days of October. The duration of snow cover is 155 days (in forest-steppe and steppe areas), 175 days (in mountain forest areas).
Bashkortostan is rich in surface waters. There are about 13 thousand rivers and more than a thousand lakes (including reservoirs) in the republic.
Relief: very diverse, which is associated with the geographical location, geological and tectonic structure of the territory. About two-thirds of the area is plains and hilly plains (most suitable for agriculture); there are hills, plateaus, mountain ranges, and plateaus.
Soils: 32% of the entire territory is occupied by chernozem soils, 28% by gray forest soils, 25,1% by mountain soils. In addition, there are areas of sod-podzolic (northern part of the republic), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau and north-eastern forest-steppe zone), hydromorphic and meadow-chernozem soils. In the south of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, areas of distribution of solonetzes, solonchaks and solonchak varieties of chernozems and meadow soils are noted.
Agricultural land area: about 8 million hectares, of which about 5 million hectares are arable lands
Potato growing in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Modern stage
Potatoes are one of the most important food crops in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Over the past five years, both the consumption of “second bread” (up to 180 kg/person) and production (up to 270 kg/person) have increased in the republic. Currently, on farms of all forms of ownership, the potato planting area is 93,5 thousand hectares.
The leading commercial farms of the Republic of Bashkortostan have experience in obtaining high potato yields over large areas. In the list of 100 best commercial farms in the Russian Federation for 2005 - 2008. in 46th place is the SPK KLH named after. Salavat Meleuzovsky district, in 74th place - State Unitary Enterprise for temporary storage "Dmitrievsky", in 96th place - State Unitary Enterprise for temporary storage "Alekseevsky" and in 100th place - Siberian Agricultural Farm-Collective Farm named after. Salavat, Sterlitamak district. So, in AKH im. Salavat, Meleuzovsky district, on an area of 330 hectares, the average annual yield is 35 t/ha. On the Alekseevsky state farm in the Ufa region, an area of 100 hectares produces marketable tubers at 32–42 t/ha. SEC "Sun" of the Ilishevsky district, on an area of more than 300 hectares, collects marketable tubers at 16 - 25 t/ha. The Shemyak state farm, on an area of more than 600 hectares, produces 12–16 t/ha of marketable tubers. Peasant farm "Agli" of the Chishminsky district on an area of 400 hectares receives seed potato yields of 30 - 42 t/ha for a number of years.
However, in general, the level of potato production in the Republic of Belarus is very low. This is due to the following reasons. 1. Lack of a potato seed production system and low proportion of early-ripening varieties, including the almost complete absence of modern domestic early-ripening and mid-early varieties in plantings. Existing planting material is stored in unsuitable premises if the storage regime is not followed. For planting, planting material is not subject to scientifically based preparation. 2. Gross violations of technological discipline during its cultivation. 3. Often there is a lack of specialized crop rotations. 4. The presence of an unregulated water regime in the plantings. 5. Irrational use of available mineral and organic fertilizers. 6. Failure to comply with optimal planting dates with clearly insufficient density. The use of an irrational planting scheme with uneven tuber planting depth. 7. Violation of the requirement for an optimal loose and weed-free state of the cultivated soil layer - both in rows and between rows during planting care. 8. Lack of a system for protecting potato plants from diseases. 9. Meteorological factors, adverse weather events during the growing season. 10. Lack of a complex of modern specialized machinery, equipment for cultivating potatoes and storage facilities. 11. Organizational reasons due to the lack of proper organization of labor during cultivation and poor knowledge of the culture of early and technical potatoes by the performers. 12. Unpreparedness of farms (economically, technically and organizationally) for highly productive and highly efficient production, although they are beginning to show interest in basic seed potatoes. 13. Lack of a system for informing the population about new varieties and their characteristics, lack of places to sell seed basic potatoes in small quantities in convenient small packaging. 14. Lack of statistics on early potato production. 15. Lack of a system for training personnel at all levels for the potato product complex. 16. Lack of agrometeoposts on the experimental fields.
Currently, potato production in the Republic of Belarus is concentrated in the individual and small-scale sectors (95-97% of the total planting area), that is, potatoes have become almost exclusively a garden crop.
In large commercial farms it is grown only on an area of 3,0 thousand hectares and in peasant (farmer) farms on an area of 1,0 thousand hectares. At the same time, there is a clearly visible trend towards concentration of potato production. In eight districts of the Republic of Belarus (out of 54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa and Chishminsky - more than half (60%) of the planting area is concentrated in commercial farms, 76,6% of potatoes are produced, and the yield is above the national average over the past six years by 144...211%.
This is even more pronounced in peasant farms. In five districts - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa and Chishminsky - 57,4% of the harvested area under potatoes and 59,8% of the actual tuber harvest are concentrated, and the yield is higher than the average for the Republic of Belarus by 128,7 - 440,7% over the past six years. Over the past seven years, potato yields in commercial and peasant farms have become higher than in private farms.
Without providing scientific research on the study of potato biology and on the development and implementation of innovative energy- and resource-saving integrated agricultural technologies of the crop with everything necessary, without qualified specialists (from machine operators to managers and heads of enterprises), without a full set of modern potato-growing machinery and equipment, without prompt and high-quality information support, it will be impossible to compete with leading companies in the regions of the Russian Federation and foreign companies in the very near future.
Development prospects
In our opinion, in order to stimulate the production of potatoes on an industrial basis, improve the quality of table potatoes and potato products, increase the marketability and profitability of the crop in Bashkortostan, it is necessary to create a Potato Center, combining various existing and new structures into a single complex.
It is necessary to develop, approve and apply a regional long-term target program for the development of production, storage, processing and sale of potatoes in the Republic of Belarus for 2016 - 2020.
Within the framework of the Potato Center and the program for innovative development of potato growing, create the Potato Cluster of the Republic of Belarus.
Based on an analysis of the current state of potato production in the Republic of Belarus, the priority areas for the development of potato growing in the republic include:
- development and improvement of scientific research into potato culture from its biology to the sale of the final product;
– increasing the average yield in commercial and peasant farms to 30 t/ha;
– gradual transfer of potato-growing enterprises to modern machine technologies for production, storage and processing;
– reducing costs per unit of production and ensuring economical and environmentally friendly use of materials and funds;
– increasing the efficiency of using the potential of domestic crop varieties;
– development of modern scientifically based seed production systems and new technological regulations for the production of original, elite and reproduction seed potatoes;
– introduction and strict adherence to a regulated seed potato certification scheme based on modern legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus and GOST standards;
– creation of infrastructure for the seed market (including for private household plots), food and industrial potatoes;
Thus, further development of potato growing in the Russian Federation and Belarus is impossible without improving domestic science, effective use of new genetic resources, achievements in plant physiology, biotechnology, breeding, and seed production*, phytopathology, entomology and plant protection and crop production, as well as the rapid promotion of highly effective agricultural technologies in agricultural practice.
The main conditions necessary for the introduction and development of innovations in potato growing are the following:
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- availability of potato agricultural technologies that have proven to be economically and environmentally effective;
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- state support for agricultural enterprises mastering innovative potato agricultural technologies;
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- a system of information at the state and municipal level about the practice of developing innovative potato agricultural technologies and the economic effect obtained from this.
*In the Ural region and the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2015, the following varieties were included in the State Register of the Russian Federation and approved for use: extra early varieties - Meteor, Charoit; early ripening - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky early, Kamensky, Leader, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch (garden variety); mid-early - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky, Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, September (garden variety), Fairy Tale, Madam, Evolution, Excellence, Effect; mid-season - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (garden variety), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; mid-late - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.